Imenyekanisha
Mu isi y’inganda, ibikoresho bigendagenda be n’ubuhinga bwo mu mazi, ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amazi ni bwo bukora nk’imitsi nyamukuru itwara ibikorwa bikomeye. Kubera ko izo nzira zikora mu bibazo bikomeye cane, abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga n’abahinga baraguma barondera uburyo bwo gutuma zishobora kwizigirwa cane no gukuraho igihe co guhagarara ata co ziteze. Mu myaka iheze, ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho bwarateye imbere cane, bituma ivyuma bikora neza cane-bishikira abantu benshi. Muri izo nzira, icuma kitagira ibara cararonse izina ryiza cane nk’umuti w’agaciro ku bidukikije bikomeye kandi bishobora gusenyuka cane.
Ariko naho nyene abantu benshi bakunda gukoresha, ivyuma bitagira ibara biracari kimwe mu bikoresho bitamenyekana cane ku bijanye n’amaduka. Inkuru nyinshi z’imigani, “ubwenge bwo mu maduka” bwa kera, n’ivyiyumviro bitagira ukuri birabandanya guhindura ingene abakoresha ivyo bihimba bafata, bagahitamwo be n’ingene babisuzuma. Iyo ingingo z’ubuhinga zirongowe n’imigani aho kuyoborwa n’ubuhinga bw’ivyuma, ubucuruzi buraheza bukariha amahera menshi kubera ibihimba bitari vyo, bukagira ingorane z’ugusenyuka kw’ibihimba bitarashika, canke bukabura amahera menshi yo kuzigama mu kiringo kirekire-.
Kugira ngo ibikorwa remezo vy’inguvu z’amazi bibe vyiza, birakenewe gutandukanya imigani n’ukuri. Iki kiganiro kirasuzuma mu buryo butunganye kandi kigakuraho ivyiyumviro bitanu bitari vyo bikunze gukoreshwa cane ku bijanye n’igikoresho cose c’amazi c’icuma kitagira ibara, kigatanga ikarita y’inzira itomoye kandi ibereye mu vya siyansi ku bahinga b’ubuhinga bw’amazi bo muri iki gihe.
Ivyuma bitagira ibara ntibishobora gusenyuka kandi ntibishobora gusenyuka
Kumbure ikinyoma gikwiragiye kuruta ibindi vyose mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bw’amashini ni ukwemera yuko ivyuma bitagira ibara bidashobora gusenyuka n’ugusenyuka. Abakoresha benshi biyumvira yuko iyo bamaze gushiramwo ikintu canke umuvuduko w’amazi kitagira ibara, bashobora kugirengagiza rwose, bizigiye ko kizoguma ari ikintu gikomeye ibihe bidahera.
The reality is that stainless steel is called "stain-less," not "stain-impossible." As a material, it relies on a delicate chemical balancing act. Stainless steel contains a minimum of 10.5 percent chromium. When this chromium interacts with ambient oxygen, it forms an invisible, microscopic surface layer of chromium oxide known as the passive film. This passive film acts as a shield, preventing oxygen and moisture from attacking the underlying iron atoms.
Ariko rero, iyo nzira y’ubuzima ntabwo idashobora gusenyuka burundu. Ibintu bimwebimwe vyo mu bidukikije birashobora gusenyura ivyuma vyitwa chromium oxide vyihuta kuruta uko bishobora kwiyubaka. Umwansi wa mbere w’icuma kitagira ibara ni ion chloride, iboneka mu bwinshi mu mazi y’umunyu, mu kirere co ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, mu bikoresho vy’ibara ry’agahama vy’inganda, no mu bikoresho bitera ibara ry’umukara mu nzira-. Mu bidukikije bifise -chloride nyinshi, ivyuma bitagira ibara vy’urugero rwa 304 birashobora gusenyuka ahantu hamwe, bikavamwo ikintu giteye akaga citwa pitting corrosion. Gutera ivyuho bituma habaho imyobo mitoyi cane ishika kure cane mu mpome z’ibihimba, ikaba yihishije kugira ngo umuntu ntabone, ivyo bikaba bishobora gutuma umuntu apfuka bukwi na bukwi iyo hari imikazo myinshi.
Kugira ngo ivyo bigabanye, abahinga bategerezwa guhitamwo ivyuma vyiza vyo gukoresha. Ivyuma bitagira ibara vyo mu rwego rwa 316 birimwo kwongerako 2 gushika ku bice 3 kw’ijana vy’umuti witwa molybdène, ivyo bikaba bituma canecane iyo nzira idakora neza kugira ngo ntiyigere iterwa n’ivyo bita chloride. Naho ari ukwo, iyo urutonde rushikiwe n’ukwirundanira kw’amazi ahagaze mu binogo vy’indodo bikomeye, ivyo binogo birashobora gutera. Icuma kitagira ibara ni ikintu kidasanzwe, ariko gisaba guhitamwo neza igitigiri c’ivyuma no kugisuzuma kenshi kugira ngo kigumeko ubutungane bwaco bwo kurwanya-ugusenyuka.
Igerageza ry'umuyagankuba ni uburyo butagiramwo ubupfu bwo kugenzura uburyo
Niwinjire hafi mu mahugurwa yose y’ivy’amashini canke mu gisata co gusanasana, uzosanga abahinga bafise agasumari gatoyi k’umufuko. Impanuro y’imigenzo ikwiragiye cane ivuga ko iyo ushaka kugenzura nimba igikoresho co gukoresha amazi ari icuma c’agaciro kanini, ushobora gusa kugifatanya n’umusumari. Iyo umusumari ufatanye, iyo nkuru y’imigani ivuga ko ico gice ari icuma c’ikinyoma c’umuyagankuba kidahenda; iyo iyo magneti iguye, irasuzumwa ko ari icuma nyaco kitagira ibara.
Naho ico kigeragezo coroshe, kirafise amakosa mu vya siyansi kandi kiguma kijana mu kwanka ibinyoma ibihimba vyakozwe ata gatotsi. Ubushobozi bw’icuma bwo gutuma icuma gikora nk’amabuye y’agaciro bugenwa n’imiterere y’atome iri munsi yaco, atari gusa ibirungo vyaco vy’imiti. Ivyuma bitagira ibara bishirwa mu migwi itatu y’intango bishingiye kuri iyo miterere: Austenitique, Ferritique na Martensitique.
Ivyuma bitagira ibara vyitwa Ferritic na Martensitic bifise ubuhinga bw’amabuye y’agaciro bituma bigira ubushobozi bwo gukora amabuye y’agaciro, bisobanura ko amasumasi abifatanya cane. Ivyuma bitagira ibara vy’i Austenitic, birimwo ivyuma bikundwa cane vy’urugero rwa 304 n’urwa 316 bikoreshwa mu mirongo y’amazi y’umuvuduko munini, bifise mu maso-imiterere y’ikibiriti c’ikibiriti gifise uburebure bw’ikibiriti bufise uburebure bw’ikibiriti.
Ariko rero, hariho ihinduka rikomeye cane mu gihe c’uguhingura. Iyo igikoresho c’amazi c’icuma c’agaciro ka 316 gikoreshwa n’imashini, giteye ikidodo, gikwezwe mu buryo bukonje-, canke gifise indodo zaco zizingirijwe, umubabaro mwinshi w’ubuhinga urahindura imiterere y’ikibiriti muri ivyo bice vy’aho hantu. Ivyo bikorwa vy’ubukonje bituma haba uguhinduka kw’igice kuva ku ntumbero y’ubumara bw’amabuye y’agaciro itagira -ubumara bw’umuyagankuba gushika ku ntumbero y’ubumara bw’amabuye y’agaciro.
Ku bw’ivyo, igikoresho c’icuma c’ukuri, c’agaciro kanini -kizokwerekana kenshi ugukwegwakwegwa kw’umuyagankuba, canecane hirya no hino y’iherezo ryaco ry’indodo canke igoramye ry’agahomerabunwa. Kwizigira umusumari wo mu mufuko kugira ngo umuntu acire urubanza ku bijanye n’uburyo, nta co bimaze rwose. Uburyo bumwe rudende bwo kugenzura ubutungane bw’ibikoresho ni ugusaba Raporo z’Igerageza ry’Ibikoresho (MTRs) ku wubikora canke gukoresha imbunda yihariye y’Ibikoresho vyiza (PMI), ikoresha ubuhinga bwa X-ray fluorescence kugira ngo isome ijana ry’ibintu vy’ivyuma.
Icuma kitagira ibara kirazimvye cane ku bikorwa vy'amazi
Iyo abarongozi b’amasoko bagereranya igitabu c’ibikoresho vy’imiterere y’urutonde ruzoza, akenshi baca bacika intege igihe baraba amajambo y’ivyuma bitagira ibara. Ku mpapuro, igikoresho co gufatanya n’icuma kitagira ibara gishobora gutwara incuro zitatu canke zitanu kuruta igice kimwe gikozwe mu cuma ca carbone gipfutse zinc-. Ukwo gutandukana kw’ibiciro kworoshe kwatumye habaho inkuru z’ikinyoma zivuga yuko ivyuma bitagira ibara ari ikintu kidakora, gizimvye cane, kikaba gikwiye kwirindwa cane kiretse iyo gitegetswe n’amategeko n’amategeko agenga ivy’isuku ry’ibifungurwa canke ivy’umutekano w’imiti.
Ivyo vyiyumviro birafise amakosa mu vy’ukuri kuko vyibanda cane ku giciro c’intango c’ugugura mu gihe vyirengagiza igiciro nyaco c’ubutunzi (TCO). Iyo igikoresho c’icuma c’umuyagankuba kidahenda cane gishizwe mu kibanza gisaba cane canke gifise ubukonje bwinshi, igikoresho caco co gupfuka zinc c’ikimazi kiratangura gusenyuka. Mu myaka mikeyi, umugese uratera ku ndodo no ku maso y’ibikingira.
Igiciro nyaco c’ico gikoresho kidahenda gitegerezwa kuba kirimwo:
Igiciro c’igice co gusubirira.
Ibiciro vyo gutwara n'ibikorwa vy'ubutegetsi bisabwa kugira ngo umuntu asubire -gusaba igice.
Amahera yatakaye yashitse mu gihe imashini yose yicaye ataco ikora mu gihe co gusanura.
Igiciro co gusubirira amavuta y’amazi azimvye yatakaye mu gihe amazi asohoka.
Icoba ari ikibazo c’uko ibipande vy’umugese bishobora guca bivaho imbere mu mubiri bigasenyura amapompa y’amazi azimvye canke amavalve y’ugucungera inzira.
Iyo ufashe mu muzirikanyi ayo mahera yihishije, ubutunzi burahinduka cane. Igikoresho c’amazi gikozwe mu cuma kitagira ibara gishobora kumara igihe kirekire incuro zitanu canke icumi kuruta ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba mu bibanza bigoye. Mu gukuraho inzinguzingu zo gusubiramwo, kugabanya isuku ry’ibidukikije kubera amazi asohoka, no kwongerera igihe imashini ikoresha, ibikoresho vy’agaciro vyishura bitagoranye, bihindura igiciro kinini c’imbere y’igihe kikaba ishoramari ry’igihe kirekire- ry’ubwenge.
Ubwoko bwose bw'indodo z'icuma zidashobora gusenyuka burashobora guca butera indodo
Thread galling-akenshi ivugwa hasi mu maduka nk’ugusudira mu buryo bukonje-ni ikintu kibabaza aho indodo z’igikoresho co gufatanya indodo z’igitsina-gabo n’iz’igitsina-gore zifunga, zigafata, zigafatanya mu gihe co gukoranya. Kubera ko icuma kitagira ibara ari icuma gishobora gukomera cane, mu mibare gishobora gufatwa n’indwara kuruta ivyuma bikomeye nk’icuma c’umuyagankuba. Ivyo vyatumye abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga bwo mu mirima bagira ikinyoma c’uko indodo z’amazi zikozwe mu cuma kitagira ibara zifise utunenge kandi ko zizofata ata kabuza igihe zishizweho, bigatuma zidashobora gukomezwa canke gusenyurwa.
Naho gutera indodo ari akaga nyakuri ku mubiri, birashobora gukingirwa kandi bishika hafi gusa kubera ubuhinga butari bwo bwo gushiramwo, aho kuba akaga kavukiye mu kintu ubwaco. Galling ibaho iyo ugushikana gukomeye n’umukazo bikuyeho igice c’umubiri gikingira chromium oxide passive layer ku ruhande rw’indodo zikorana. Iyo izo nkoko zitagira ibara kandi zitarinzwe zikorana ata guca ku ruhande, ubushuhe bwinshi bwo muri ako karere buratuma zicapura zigafatanya hafi mu kanya nk’ako gukubita.
Abahinga barashobora gukuraho burundu ububabare bw’indodo mu gushiramwo uburyo butatu bworoshe bwo gukoranya ibintu:
Gabanya umuvuduko wo gushiramwo: Gukoresha ibifunguruzo vy'umuvuduko munini-bitera ubushuhe butunguranye butera ububabare. Gukoranya amahuzu atagira ibara buhorobuhoro n’amaboko canke n’ibifunguruzo vy’amaboko bimenyerewe biragabanya cane ubushuhe bwirundanira.
Koresha amavuta akwiriye: Gutera amavuta y’agaciro kanini canke amavuta yihariye y’urudodo yateguwe canecane ku vyuma bitagira ibara bikora nk’intambamyi y’umubiri, bikabuza ivyuma-ku -ivyuma gukorana ata guca ku ruhande no gufata imitsi y’iteraniro.
Irinde Gutera Ivyuma Birenze -: Icuma kitagira ibara kiraryoshe cane; over-tightening kure y'ibipimo vy'umuvuduko vy'umuhinguzi bihindura uburebure bw'urudodo, bikagobera amaso y'ivyuma hamwe n'ingero z'ugushikana zishobora gusenyura.
Ibikoresho vy'amazi vy'icuma kitagira ibara ntibigira ubushobozi bwo gutera umukazo nk'ubw'icuma ca carbone
Iciyumviro kitari co gikomeza mu bamwebamwe mu bahinga b'ivy'amashini bo mu mashure ya kera-ni uko kubera ko icuma kitagira ibara gishobora gukomera cane kandi kikaba ari ciza cane mu gufata ingaruka zitamenetse, gitegerezwa kuba "giyoroshe" kuruta icuma ca kera c'umuyagankuba. Ivyo vyiyumviro bituma habaho inkuru y’ikinyoma y’uko ibihimba vy’icuma bitagira ibara bitagira ubushobozi bwo gukomera no gukomera cane bisabwa kugira ngo bishobore guhangana n’umutekano mwinshi cane mu mashini zikomeye zo muri iki gihe, zikunda kurenga 5.000 gushika ku 6.000 psi.
Iyo nkuru y’imigani ikomoka ku gutahura nabi kw’ishimikiro ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivyuma. Naho ivyuma bimwebimwe vy’uburemere buke canke vy’ivyuma bitagira ibara bifise ubushobozi bwo gutanga umwimbu muto, ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini vy’ivyuma bikoreshwa mu guhingura ivyuma bifatanya amazi bifise umuvuduko munini birakomezwa cane biciye mu gukorana n’ibintu bikomeye kandi bikora neza.
Iyo usuzumye impapuro z’ibisobanuro vy’ubuhinga nyavyo, usanga ibikoresho vy’amazi vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ivyuma bitagira ibara bihora bihuye canke mbere birenze ubushobozi bwo gukora bw’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba. Abahinguzi ivyo babishikako mu gutuma uruhome rugira uburebure bwiza, mu gutunganya uburebure bw’urudodo, no mu guhingura ubuhinga bwo mu mutima bugabanya umuvurungano n’ugutonyanga kw’inguvu.
Ikindi kandi, ivyuma bitagira ibara bikora neza cane iyo bifise ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu. Mu nzira y’amazi ikora, umukazo ntabwo uguma uhagaze; iguma itera kandi igatera iyo amavalve y’ubugenzuzi akora canke iyo imizigo iremereye ihinduwe. Ubushobozi bw’icuma kitagira ibara bushobora gutuma gishobora gufata izo nkuru zisubiramwo, zifise incuro nyinshi-ataco zishikirwa n’ugusaduka kw’urushe. Igumya igipimo cayo c’umuvuduko wose mu bihe vy’ubushuhe bukaze aho ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba vyoshobora gusenyuka bitewe n’ubukonje bukomeye canke bikaba vyoroshe bitewe n’ubushuhe bukomeye.
Iciyumviro
Gutandukanya imigani y’igihe kirekire-n’ibintu bikomeye vy’ubuhinga bw’ivyuma ni ngombwa ku muntu wese afise igikorwa co guhingura, gukoresha canke kubungabunga ibikorwa remezo vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’inguvu z’amazi. Naho ibihuha vyo mu maduka bishobora gutuma ivyuma bitagira ibara bisa n’ibiteye akaga, bizimvye cane canke bigoye gukoresha, ukuri kwo muri siyansi kuragaragaza ukundi.
Icuma kitagira ibara ntigishobora gusenyuka, ariko igice caco gifise ubushobozi, gishobora kwivura, kiratanga uburinzi butagira uko bungana iyo gihuye n’ibidukikije bikwiye. Uburyo bwayo ntibushobora gucirirwa urubanza n’umusumari woroshe wo mu mufuko, mugabo ubutungane bwayo burashigikirwa n’ingingo mfatirwako zikomeye zo kwemeza ibikoresho. Naho igiciro ca mbere co kugura ari kinini, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukuraho igihe co guhagarara, gukingira amazi ashobora gusohoka, no gukomera kuruta ivyuma bisanzwe bituma igura cane-ivyiza mu kiringo c’ubuzima bwayo. Ubwa nyuma, iyo ikoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo gushiramwo neza, ibipimo vyayo vy’umuvuduko n’ukwizigirwa kw’iteraniro ryayo birashobora gushitsa ivyo bisabwa n’ibikorwa vy’inganda vy’umuvuduko munini-.
Mu kureka ivyiyumviro bitari vyo vya kera no kuraba igikoresho cose c’amazi c’icuma kitagira ibara biciye mu nzira y’ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho bushingiye ku makuru, amashirahamwe arashobora guhingura uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi butekanye, busukuye kandi bukora neza cane bukora neza mu myaka mirongo izoza.
